Cold Weather vs. Lubricants: Challenges for Transportation Vehicles
While high temperatures are often discussed for their impact on engine reliability, the effects of cold weather are equally significant but less frequently addressed. What qualifies as "cold"? Most base oils and greases perform well at temperatures as low as 0°C or even -10°C. However, at -20°C and beyond, many lubricants begin to lose efficacy, thickening to the point where they can no longer flow effectively, known as the pour point.
To safeguard your equipment during winter, it's crucial to understand how cold weather specifically affects engine fluids. Below are some key challenges and recommendations:
Changes in Viscosity
Viscosity refers to a fluid's resistance to flow—thicker fluids, like honey, flow more slowly than thinner ones, like water. Cold weather increases viscosity across all engine fluids, including engine oils, antifreeze, and transmission fluids. This thickening restricts flow, starving components of lubrication and increasing the risk of metal-on-metal contact. To prevent the previously mentioned issue, use multigrade or winter-grade engine oils as per OEM recommendations. Examples of Caltex lubricants are Havoline ProDS Fully Synthetic ECO series (SAE 0W-20, 5W-30, 5W-40) are ideal for passenger cars, while Delo Gold Ultra SAE 15W-40 ensures optimal performance in diesel engines.
Changes in Oil Pressure
In cold temperatures, thicker oil flows more slowly through the engine, delaying lubrication to critical components. This not only leaves parts temporarily unprotected but also forces the oil pump to work harder, increasing friction and wear. To prevent this, select oils suited to cold conditions and allow the engine to warm up adequately before operation.
Reduction in Fuel Efficiency
Cold weather reduces fuel efficiency due to longer engine warm-up times and the resistance caused by thicker fluids. Additionally, the denser air in winter requires more fuel for combustion, while features like heaters and defrosters further increase fuel consumption.
Effects on Transmission Fluid
Many overlook the importance of winter-compatible transmission fluids, yet they are just as vulnerable to cold-induced thickening. This can lead to harder shifts, increased strain on components, and a higher risk of failure. Opt for Havoline Fully Synthetic Multi-Vehicle Automatic Transmission Fluid for excellent shift quality in cold weather.
Effects on Gear Oil
Cold weather thickens gear oil, reducing its flow and lubrication capabilities. This can lead to increased friction, wear, and sluggish performance. In some cases, extreme cold conditions may cause gear oil to underperform, compromising gear protection. Choose Delo Syn-Gear HD SAE 75-90 for added gear protection in cold conditions.
Effects on Diesel Fuel
Diesel fuel is particularly vulnerable in winter, as paraffin waxes solidify at low temperatures, causing gelling that clogs fuel lines and filters. Additionally, condensation in the fuel system may freeze, further hindering performance.
Effects on Coolant
Improperly formulated or maintained coolant may freeze, causing engine block cracks and allowing coolant and lubricant to mix—a scenario that can lead to severe engine damage. Cold temperatures can also reduce coolant efficiency, leading to corrosion, cavitation, and increased operating temperatures. Use a robust coolant like Havoline Xtended Life Antifreeze/Coolant for gasoline engines or Delo XLC Antifreeze/Coolant for diesel equipment to protect against winter freeze-up.
Winter-Ready Solutions
Cold temperatures can significantly impact engine performance and reliability, but with proper preparation, these risks can be minimized. Implement a winter preventative maintenance program with tools like the Caltex Best-in-Class Assessment or Oil Analysis Program. These resources help identify necessary changes and recommend suitable oils and fluids to keep your vehicles and equipment operational and efficient throughout the winter months.
